Endoscopic examination of the GI Tract

Sigmoidoscopy

Sigmoidoscopy is a special internal investigation of the lower third of the large bowel (colon). An instrument called a sigmoidoscope is inserted via the anus and allows direct visual examination of back passage (rectum) and the sigmoid and descending colon (the last part of the colon).

The sigmoidoscope is a small camera attached to a flexible tube about twenty centimetres long (flexible sigmoidoscope). In some circumstances a rigid tube is used (rigid sigmoidoscope). The sigmoidoscope allows the operator to see any bleeding, inflammation, abnormal growths or ulcers in the colon and rectum. During the procedure the operator is also able to remove small samples of any abnormal tissue identified (biopsy) for more detailed examination under the microscope to confirm diagnosis.

Colonoscopy

Colonoscopy is a special investigation that permits internal examination of the entire large bowel (colon). A long flexible fibro-optic tube, the colonoscope, is inserted via the anus and slowly guided through the large bowel under sedation. The colonoscope transmits pictures of the inside of the bowel on to a video screen.

The operator is able to visualize any bleeding, inflammation, abnormal growths or ulcers in the colon. Abnormal growths arising from the inner surface of the bowel, such as polyps, can be removed via the colonoscope. In addition small samples of any abnormal tissue identified (biopsy) may be removed for more detailed examination under the microscope to confirm diagnosis.

Gastroscopy

Gastroscopy is a special investigation that permits internal examination of the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract. It allows direct examination of the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum. The gastroscope is a long flexible fibro-optic tube that transmits pictures of the inside of the gut on to a video screen. It is passed from the mouth, via the throat, into the oesophagus and then on to the stomach and duodenum. The fibro-optic tube is also referred to as an endoscope and the examination as endoscopy.

The operator is able to identify any abnormal inflammation, bleeding or growths, and to locate stomach or duodenal ulcers. Small samples of any abnormal tissues identified (biopsy) may be removed via the gastro scope for more detailed examination under the microscope to confirm diagnosis.

Gastroscopy is commonly used investigate symptoms of dyspepsia and locate peptic ulcers in the stomach and duodenum. It also used to investigate inflammation in the oesophagus and to diagnose oesophageal and stomach tumours.

Amended April 2008