How is it treated and managed?

Behavioural / Educational Interventions

The evidence so far indicates that early social and communication based intervention is effective. A multidisciplinary approach is important and it is essential that interventions target the specific needs of the individual. Because of difficulties coping with changes, minimizing alterations of a child’s schedule and educational environment may help in symptom control.

Interventions may include -:

• Behaviour therapy:

Aims to shape a child’s behaviour into more socially and functionally useful patterns. Techniques such as establishment of clear and consistent rules, introducing changes one step at a time may be helpful in improving behaviour. The Lovaas method is an example of an intensive behavioural therapy approach for children with autism and other related disorders. 

• Sensory integration therapy:

Aims to help children cope with their sensory problems; it is usually done by occupational therapists.

• Speech therapy:

maximizes communication skills of individuals who experience speech, language and other communication difficulties.

Medications

Medications may be used to treat behavioral problems, such as aggression, self-injurious behaviour, and severe tantrums, that keep the person with ASD from functioning more effectively at home or school.

• Behavioural problems:

Low dose risperidone may help (in short term) to treat severe irritability, aggression, deliberate self-injury and temper tantrums.

• Inattention and hyperactivity:

Stimulant medications such as methylphenidate (Ritalin®), used safely and effectively in persons with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, have also been prescribed for children with autism.

These medications may decrease impulsivity and hyperactivity in some children, especially those higher functioning children. See ADHD guidance.

• Anxiety and depression:

The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g. Fluoxetine [Prozac®]) may be used to treat symptoms of anxiety, depression, and repetitive, ritualistic behaviour.

• Seizures:

Seizures may occur in those with ASD, most often in those with learning difficulties. They are treated with one or more of the anti-epileptic medications. See Epilepsy guidance.