Musculo – skeletal:

• Arthritis,
• Stiffness of joints,
• Weak muscles,
• Giving way of knee,
• Deconditioning due to immobility.

Heart problems:

• Drop attacks,
• Arrhythmias,
• Blood pressure drops on changing position,
• Medication side effects,
• Syncope.

• Vision defects including cataracts and reduced visual fields.

Mental Health:

• Alzheimers disease,
• Confusion,
• Paranoia,
• Psychosis,
• Medication side effects.

• Neurological: Epilepsy, stroke, Parkinson’s disease.

Environment:

• Poor lighting,
• Rugs,
• Stairs,
• Steps,
• Walking frames.

• Reduced position and vibration sense.

Other factors:

• Use of stick,
• Previous falls.

• Slow reactions